Explore the Hybrid Electric Vehicle P1 Reference Application

This example uses:

Simscape Simscape

The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) P1 reference application represents a full HEV model with an internal combustion engine, transmission, battery, motor, and associated powertrain control algorithms. Use the reference application for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing, tradeoff analysis, and control parameter optimization of a HEV P1 hybrid. To create and open a working copy of the reference application project, enter

autoblkhevp1start

By default, the HEV P1 reference application is configured with:

Lithium-ion battery pack
Mapped electric motor
Mapped spark-ignition (SI) engine

This diagram shows the powertrain configuration.

该表描述了参考应用程序中的块和子系统，表明哪些子系统包含变体。为了实现模型变体，参考应用程序使用变体子系统。

Reference Application Element	Description	变体
Analyze Power and Energy	Double-clickAnalyze Power and Energy打开一个实时脚本。运行脚本以评估和报告组件和系统级别的功率和能源消耗。有关实时脚本的更多信息，请参阅Analyze Power and Energy。	NA
Drive Cycle Sourceblock — FTP75 (2474 seconds)	Generates a standard or user-specified drive cycle velocity versus time profile. Block output is the selected or specified vehicle longitudinal speed.	✓
`环境`subsystem	Creates environment variables, including road grade, wind velocity, and atmospheric temperature and pressure.
`纵向驾驶员`subsystem	使用纵向驾驶员or Open Loop variant to generate normalized acceleration and braking commands. 纵向驾驶员variant implements a driver model that uses vehicle target and reference velocities. Open Loop variant allows you to configure the acceleration, deceleration, gear, and clutch commands with constant or signal-based inputs.	✓
`Controllers`subsystem	Implements a powertrain control module (PCM) containing a P1 hybrid control module (HCM), an engine control module (ECM), and a transmission control module (TCM).	✓
`Passenger Car`subsystem	Implements a hybrid passenger car that contains drivetrain, electric plant, and engine subsystems. 要建模传动系统，请使用Toggle To Simscape Drivetrain按钮要在传动系统子系统的SIMSCAPE™和Powertrain Blockset™变体之间进行切换。默认情况下，参考应用程序使用动力总成模块群变体。SIMSCAPE变体结合了物理连接，以提供组装组件的灵活方法。	✓
`Visualization`subsystem	Displays vehicle-level performance, battery state of charge (SOC), fuel economy, and emission results that are useful for powertrain matching and component selection analysis.

Evaluate and Report Power and Energy

Double-clickAnalyze Power and Energy打开一个实时脚本。运行脚本以评估和报告组件和系统级别的功率和能源消耗。有关实时脚本的更多信息，请参阅Analyze Power and Energy。

The script provides:

An overall energy summary that you can export to an Excel^®spreadsheet.
引擎plant, electric plant, and drivetrain plant efficiencies, including an engine histogram of time spent at the different engine plant efficiencies.
Data logging so that you can use the Simulation Data Inspector to analyze the powertrain efficiency and energy transfer signals.

Drive Cycle Source

TheDrive Cycle Sourceblock generates a target vehicle velocity for a selected or specified drive cycle. The reference application has these options.

Timing	Variant	Description
Output sample time	`Continuous`(default)	Continuous operator commands
Output sample time	`Discrete`	Discrete operator commands

纵向驾驶员

The纵向驾驶员subsystem generates normalized acceleration and braking commands. The reference application has these variants.

Block Variants			Description
纵向驾驶员(default)	Control	`Mapped`	PI control with tracking windup and feed-forward gains that are a function of vehicle velocity.
		`Predictive`	最佳单点预览（向前查看）控件。
		`Scalar`	Proportional-integral (PI) control with tracking windup and feed-forward gains.
	Low-pass filter (LPF)	`LPF`	Use an LPF on target velocity error for smoother driving.
	Low-pass filter (LPF)	`pass`	Do not use a filter on velocity error.
	Shift	`基本的`	Stateflow^®chart models reverse, neutral, and drive gear shift scheduling.
		`External`	Input gear, vehicle state, and velocity feedback generates acceleration and braking commands to track forward and reverse vehicle motion.
		`None`	No transmission.
		`Scheduled`	Stateflow chart models reverse, neutral, park, and N-speed gear shift scheduling.
Open Loop			Open-loop control subsystem. In the subsystem, you can configure the acceleration, deceleration, gear, and clutch commands with constant or signal-based inputs.

初空转引擎的驱动周期节律le and simulate catalyst light-off before moving the vehicle with a pedal command, use the Longitudinal Driver variant. The Longitudinal Driver subsystem includes an ignition switch signal profile,IgSw。The engine controller uses the ignition switch signal to start both the engine and a catalyst light-off timer.

当催化剂点亮计时器计算时，催化剂点启动计时器覆盖了发动机停止启动（ESS）停止功能控制。在模拟期间，之后IgSwdown-edge time reaches the catalyst light-off timeCatLightOffTime，正常的ESS操作恢复。如果在模拟到达之前没有扭矩命令EngStopTime, the ESS shuts down the engine.

To control ESS and catalyst light-off:

In the Longitudinal Driver Model subsystem, set the ignition switch profileIgSw至 '上'.
In the engine controller model workspace, set these calibration parameters:
- Engstopstartenable— Enables ESS. To disable ESS, set the value to false.
- CatLightOffTime— Engine idle time from engine start to catalyst light-off.
- EngStopTime— ESS engine run time after driver model torque request cut-off.

Controllers

TheControllersubsystem has a PCM containing an ECM, HCM, and TCM. The controller has these variants.

Controller	Variant	Description
ECM	`SiEngineController`(default)	Implements theSI Controller
ECM	`Cienginecontroller`	Implements theCI Controller
HCM	`ECMS`	Implements theEquivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy
TCM	`TransmissionController`	实现传输控制器

Passenger Car

To implement a passenger car, thePassenger Carsubsystem contains drivetrain, electric plant, and engine subsystems. To create your own engine variants for the reference application, use the CI and SI engine project templates. The reference application has these subsystem variants.

Drivetrain

要建模传动系统，请使用Toggle To Simscape Drivetrain按钮可以在传动系统子系统的SIMSCAPE和动力总成区块群之间切换。默认情况下，参考应用程序使用动力总成模块群变体。SIMSCAPE变体结合了物理连接，以提供组装组件的灵活方法。

Tip

The reference application sets the appropriate solvers to optimize performance for each engine and drivetrain combination. Select the engine variant first, then select the drivetrain using the toggle button. If you select the drivetrain before changing the engine, you may encounter a solver error.

Drivetrain Subsystem	Variant	Description
差异和合规性	`全轮驱动`	Configure drivetrain for all wheel, front wheel, or rear wheel drive. For the all wheel drive variant, you can configure the type of coupling torque.
	`Front Wheel Drive`(default)
	`Rear Wheel Drive`
扭矩转换器Automatic Transmission	`Ideal Fixed Gear Transmission`	Configure locked and unlocked transmission efficiency with either a 1D or 4D (default) lookup table.
扭矩转换器Automatic Transmission	`扭矩转换器`	Configure for external, internal (default), or no lockup.
Vehicle	`Vehicle Body 1 DOF Longitudinal`	Configured for 1 degrees of freedom
Wheels and Brakes	`Longitudinal Wheel - Front 1`	For the wheels, you can configure the type of: Brake 力量计算 Resistance calculation Vertical motion For performance and clarity, to determine the longitudinal force of each wheel, the variants implement theLongitudinal Wheel堵塞。确定全部的所有车轮的纵向作用在车轴上，变体使用比例因子将一个车轮的力乘以轴上的车轮数量。通过使用这种方法来计算总力，变体在前轴和后轴上假设同等的轮胎滑动并负载，这对于纵向动力总成研究很常见。如果不是这种情况，例如，当轴的左侧和右侧摩擦或负载不同时，请使用独特的纵向轮块来计算独立力。但是，使用独特的块来建模每个车轮会增加模型的复杂性和计算成本。
Wheels and Brakes	`Longitudinal Wheel - Rear 1`

Electric Plant

电厂子系统	Variant	Description
Battery	`BattHevP1`	Configured with Lithium Ion battery
电机	`Motmapped`	映射的电动机with implicit controller

引擎

发动机子系统	Variant	Description
引擎	`SiEngineCore`	动态的SI Core Enginewith turbocharger
	`SiMappedEngine`(default)	Mapped SI Enginewith implicit turbocharger
	`Sienginecorena`	动态自然吸气SI核心发动机

Limitations

MathWorks^®used theSI Core Engine和SI Controllerto calibrate the hybrid control module (HCM). If you use theCI Core Engine和CI Controllervariants, the simulation may error because the HCM does not use calibrated results.

Acknowledgment

contributi MathWorks愿意承认上of Dr. Simona Onori to the ECMS optimal control algorithm implemented in this reference application. Dr. Onori is a Professor of Energy Resources Engineering at Stanford University. Her research interests include electrochemical modeling, estimation and optimization of energy storage devices for automotive and grid-level applications, hybrid and electric vehicles modeling and control, PDE modeling, and model-order reduction and estimation of emission mitigation systems. She is a senior member of IEEE^®。

参考

[1] Balazs, A., Morra, E., and Pischinger, S.,优化城市汽车的电动动力总成。SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-2451. Warrendale, PA: SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains, 2012.

[2] Onori, S., Serrao, L., and Rizzoni, G.,Hybrid Electric Vehicles Energy Management Systems。纽约：施普林格，2016年。