Design Parameters

Specify the initial design parameters in the center of the VHF band [2].

freq = 165e6; wirediameter = 19e-3; c = physconst('lightspeed'); lambda = c/freq;

Create Yagi-Uda Antenna

The driven element for the Yagi-Uda antenna is a folded dipole, a standard exciter for this type of antenna. Adjust the length and width parameters of the folded dipole. Because cylindrical structures are modeled as equivalent metal strips, calculate the width using thecylinder2striputility function available in the Antenna Toolbox™. The length is $$\lambda /2$$at the design frequency.

d = dipoleFolded; d.Length = lambda/2; d.Width = cylinder2strip(wirediameter/2); d.Spacing = d.Length/60;

Create a Yagi-Uda antenna with the exciter as the folded dipole. Set the lengths of the reflector and director elements to be $$\lambda /2$$. Set the number of directors to four. Specify the reflector and director spacing as $$0.3\lambda$$and $$0.25\lambda$$, respectively. These settings provide an initial guess and serve as a starting point for the optimization procedure. Show the initial design.

Numdirs = 4; refLength = 0.5; dirLength = 0.5*ones(1,Numdirs); refSpacing = 0.3; dirSpacing = 0.25*ones(1,Numdirs); initialdesign = [refLength dirLength refSpacing dirSpacing].*lambda; yagidesign = yagiUda; yagidesign.Exciter = d; yagidesign.NumDirectors = Numdirs; yagidesign.ReflectorLength = refLength*lambda; yagidesign.DirectorLength = dirLength.*lambda; yagidesign.ReflectorSpacing = refSpacing*lambda; yagidesign.DirectorSpacing = dirSpacing*lambda; show(yagidesign)

Plot Radiation Pattern at Design Frequency

Prior to executing the optimization process, plot the radiation pattern for the initial guess in 3-D.

fig1 = figure; pattern(yagidesign,freq);

This antenna does not have a higher directivity in the preferred direction, at zenith (elevation = 90 deg). This initial Yagi-Uda antenna design is a poorly designed radiator.

Set Up Optimization

Use the following variables as control variables for the optimization:

In terms of a single vector parameterparasiticVals, use these settings:

In terms ofparasiticVals, set an objective function that aims to have a large value in the 90-degree direction, a small value in the 270-degree direction, and a large value of maximum power between the elevation beamwidth angle bounds.

typeyagi_objective_function2.m

function objectivevalue = yagi_objective_function2(y,parasiticVals,freq,elang) % yagi_objective_function2 returns the objective for a 6-element Yagi % objective_value = yagi_objective_function(y,parasiticvals,freq,elang) % assigns the appropriate parasitic dimensions, parasiticvals, to the Yagi % antenna y, and uses the frequency freq and angle pair elang to calculate % the objective function value. % The yagi_objective_function2 function is used for an internal example. % Its behavior might change in subsequent releases, so it should not be % relied upon for programming purposes. % Copyright 2014-2018 The MathWorks, Inc. bw1 = elang(1); bw2 = elang(2); y.ReflectorLength = parasiticVals(1); y.DirectorLength = parasiticVals(2:y.NumDirectors+1); y.ReflectorSpacing = parasiticVals(y.NumDirectors+2); y.DirectorSpacing = parasiticVals(y.NumDirectors+3:end); output = calculate_objectives(y,freq,bw1,bw2); output = output.MaxDirectivity + output.FB; objectivevalue= -output; % To maximize end function output = calculate_objectives(y,freq,bw1,bw2) %calculate_objectives calculate the objective function % output = calculate_objectives(y,freq,bw1,bw2) Calculate the directivity % in az = 90 plane that covers the main beam, sidelobe and backlobe. % Calculate the maximum directivity, sidelobe level and backlobe and store % in fields of the output variable structure. [es,~,el] = pattern(y,freq,90,0:1:270); el1 = el < bw1; el2 = el > bw2; el3 = el>bw1&el
               

Set bounds on the control variables.

refLengthBounds = [0.4; 0.6]; dirLengthBounds = [0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35;% lower bound on director length0.495 0.495 0.495 0.495];% upper bound on director lengthrefSpacingBounds = [0.05;% lower bound on reflector spacing0.30];% upper bound on reflector spacingdirSpacingBounds = [0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05;% lower bound on director spacing0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23];% upper bound on director spacingLB = [refLengthBounds(1) dirLengthBounds(1,:) refSpacingBounds(1) dirSpacingBounds(1,:) ].*lambda; UB = [refLengthBounds(2) dirLengthBounds(2,:) refSpacingBounds(2) dirSpacingBounds(2,:) ].*lambda;

Set the initial point for the optimization, and set the elevation beamwidth angle bounds.

parasitic_values = [ yagidesign.ReflectorLength,...yagidesign。DirectorLength,...yagidesign。ReflectorSpacing...yagidesign。DirectorSpacing]; elang = [60 120];% elevation beamwidth angles at az = 90

Surrogate Optimization

To search for a global optimum of the objective function, usesurrogateoptas the solver. Set options to allow 500 function evaluations, include the initial point, use parallel computation, and use the'surrogateoptplot'plot function. To understand the'surrogateoptplot'plot, seeInterpret surrogateoptplot..

surrogateoptions = optimoptions('surrogateopt','MaxFunctionEvaluations', 500,...'InitialPoints',parasitic_values,'UseParallel',true,'PlotFcn','surrogateoptplot'); rng(4)% For reproducibilityoptimdesign = surrogateopt(@(x) yagi_objective_function2(yagidesign,x,freq,elang),...LB,UB,surrogateoptions);

Surrogateopt stopped because it exceeded the function evaluation limit set by 'options.MaxFunctionEvaluations'.

surrogateoptfound a point giving an objective function value of –70. Investigate the effect of the optimized parameters on the radiation pattern of the antenna.

Plot Optimized Pattern

情节优化天线模式在设计frequency.

yagidesign。ReflectorLength = optimdesign (1);yagidesign。DirectorLength = optimdesign(2:5); yagidesign.ReflectorSpacing = optimdesign(6); yagidesign.DirectorSpacing = optimdesign(7:10); fig2 = figure; pattern(yagidesign,freq)

Apparently, the antenna now radiates significantly more power at zenith.

E-Plane and H-Plane Cuts of Pattern

To obtain a better insight into the behavior in two orthogonal planes, plot the normalized magnitude of the electric field in the E-plane and H-plane, that is, azimuth = 0 and 90 deg, respectively.

fig3 = figure; pattern(yagidesign,freq,0,0:1:359);

fig4 = figure; pattern(yagidesign,freq,90,0:1:359);

The optimized design shows a significant improvement in the radiation pattern. Higher directivity is achieved in the desired direction toward zenith. The back lobe is small, resulting in a good front-to-back ratio for this antenna. Calculate the directivity at zenith, front-to-back ratio, and beamwidth in the E-plane and H-plane.

D_max = pattern(yagidesign,freq,0,90)

D_max = 10.2145

D_back = pattern(yagidesign,freq,0,-90)

D_back = -48.1770

F_B_ratio = D_max - D_back

F_B_ratio = 58.3915

Eplane_beamwidth = beamwidth(yagidesign,freq,0,1:1:360)

Eplane_beamwidth = 54

Hplane_beamwidth = beamwidth(yagidesign,freq,90,1:1:360)

Hplane_beamwidth = 68

Comparison with Manufacturer Datasheet

The optimized Yagi-Uda antenna achieves a forward directivity of 10.2 dBi, which translates to 8.1 dBd (relative to a dipole). This result is a bit less than the gain value reported by the datasheet in reference [2] (8.5 dBd). The front-to-back ratio is 60 dB; this is part of the quantity that the optimizer maximizes. The optimized Yagi-Uda antenna has an E-plane beamwidth of 54 deg, whereas the datasheet lists the E-plane beamwidth as 56 deg. The H-plane beamwidth of the optimized Yagi-Uda antenna is 68 deg, whereas the value on the datasheet is 63 deg. The example does not address impedance matching over the band.

Tabulating Initial and Optimized Design

Tabulate the initial design guesses and the final optimized design values.

yagiparam= {'Reflector Length';'Director Length - 1';'Director Length - 2';'Director Length - 3';'Director Length - 4';'Reflector Spacing';'Director Spacing - 1';'Director Spacing - 2';“导演间距- 3”;'Director Spacing - 4'}; initialdesign = initialdesign'; optimdesign = optimdesign'; T = table(initialdesign,optimdesign,'RowNames',yagiparam)

T=10×2 tableinitialdesign optimdesign _____________ ___________ Reflector Length 0.90846 0.92703 Director Length - 1 0.90846 0.71601 Director Length - 2 0.90846 0.7426 Director Length - 3 0.90846 0.68847 Director Length - 4 0.90846 0.75779 Reflector Spacing 0.54508 0.3117 Director Spacing - 1 0.45423 0.28684 Director Spacing - 2 0.45423 0.23237 Director Spacing - 3 0.45423 0.21154 Director Spacing - 4 0.45423 0.27903

Reference

[1] Balanis, C. A.Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design.3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2005, p. 514.

[2] Online at:https://amphenolprocom.com/products/base-station-antennas/2450-s-6y-165