A Peltier device working in cooling mode with a hot side temperature of 50 degC. In cooling mode, the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the Peltier cell is equal to the total heat transferred through the Thermoelectric cooler (TEC) divided by the electric input power, COP = Qc/Pin.

A LED driver based on a linear current regulator. The scope shows the light and current output and the supply voltage. The output comes into regulation for a supply voltage greater than about 12V.

How a fault may be applied to a MOSFET in a power converter in order to explore the operation of protection circuitry. After the MOSFET becomes faulted, the crowbar circuitry is activated in order to clamp the output voltage across the load and eventually to cause the fuse to blow.

A custom frequency-dependent transmission line model. The characteristic admittance and propagation function are first derived from the frequency-dependent resistance, reactance, and susceptance. The derived values are fitted usingrf toolbox™. The Universal Line Model (ULM) [1] is then implemented insimscape™based on the fitted parameters. The results from the frequency-dependent transmission line model and the classic pi-section transmission line model are compared.