这篇文章来自Ajit Jaokar。总部位于伦敦，AJIT的工作跨越与人工智能（AI）和事物互联网有关的研究，创业和学术界（IOT）。AJIT通过他的Feynlabs作为数据科学家，专注于为网络安全，机器人和医疗保健等领域建造创新的早期AI原型。他是课程的课程总监：Artificial Intelligence: Cloud and Edge Implementations.

Introduction

我们将谈谈数字双胞胎牛津大学持续教育部门提供的课程，基于Matlab和Unity。学习者将在框架下学习基于模型的设计digital twin及其先进的建模技术，如AR，VR等。

Background

A Digital Twin is a模型的物理实体,是发达国家和maintained throughout its lifecycle, from concept, to development, production, operation and decommissioning. The model is continuously updated to reflect the current state of the entity, and as a result, it offers many opportunities to analyse and improve business decision-making. In modern Digital Twin development, simulation software integrates a suite of technologies, such as photo-realistic simulators and artificial intelligence, to generate predictive models that can be deployed on a broad operational system. The development workflow resembles that of a model-based design framework due to the need for system integration, V&V and deployment. Hence, when we designed the course数字双胞胎: Enhancing Model-based Design with AR, VR, and MR (Online)在牛津大学，我们考虑了数字双胞胎的新兴技术的破坏性及其对基于工业模式的影响。本博客邮政解释了我们对本课程的理由，为行业的影响以及在Matlab中实施这些想法的技术。

The evolution of model-based design

背后的想法基于模型的设计are already mature. The Model-based design approach places virtual models at the centre of the development process to improve the delivery of engineered products. Model-based design (MBD) combinesthe concepts of modellingand自动化to

• 加快探索新设计和执行快速，可重复的测试with modelling and simulation;
• eliminate manual steps and reduce human error by自动化步骤，如报告，编码，andverification;
• 创建数字线程traceability从需求和系统架构到组件设计和测试;
• 履行predictive maintenance，检测故障，并使用模型作为数字双胞胎的操作优化系统。

These ideas already add many benefits to the current design process, but MBD is evolving in a few directions.

• 数字双胞胎由于公司通过分析完整的生命周期，公司寻求不断改进产品版本，成为MBD的重要组成部分;
• Simulations & Simulators with physics-based enginesaccelerate modelling workflows. Developers less frequently specify model behaviour, but rather assemble systems as a network of parametric components with prescribed physical behaviour - as in a Simscape model, in a CAD package or in a gaming engine;
• 工作流程跨越许多域和垂直，在跨行业共享技术的地方，例如基于LIDAR的汽车和施工映射。
• Model granularity in each vertical is increasing, and components need to be represented atdifferent levels of fidelity to support system-level performance optimisation;
• AI策略complement modelling, design and analysis (explained below)
• Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Realityenhance capabilities to design engineering products, to test them against virtual scenarios, and to deliver new product experiences;
• ComputationalAdditive & Destructive manufacturingtechniques, such as 3D printing and CNC milling, become part of the design process.

广泛地说，这些想法正在实施Industry 4.0,i.e.使用软件和互联网技术的传统制造和工业实践自动化。

Implications for industry – Digital twins and Model-based design

MBD的演变具有若干含义。在这里，我们将概述对行业的一些影响

1）AI和算法对数字双胞胎的影响

一系列建模算法可用于数字双胞胎开发。例如，实现的算法

1. Physics-based modelling,其中开发人员实现物理系统的控制方程并通过分析和数值技术的组合来解决它们，g.Runge-Kutta solvers for ordinary differential equations, or Finite-Element methods for partial differential equations. Fidelity of the models can be improved with parameter-based estimation from hardware data. The models can also be used to support observers in a system, e.g. Kalman estimators.
2. Data-driven modelling, where models are deduced from input-output component data,g.使用回归，查找表或系统识别技术;
3. 基于AI的建模, in which learning techniques are used to improve the fidelity and dynamic performance of data-driven surrogate models.

A diverse set of skills and expertise are needed by developers to decide which approach is best suited to a given design scenario.

2) Digital twins – unifying the model-based design flow

数字双胞胎有助于更好地了解设计和操作阶段：

• System Requirements, FunctionalityandArchitectures，从以前的产品迭代完善。
• Subcomponent model developmentis accelerated by data collected from the field. Using historical data can also reduce risk of plant-model mismatch.
• Integration & Testing –基于模型的场景和场景允许更广泛的测试和更强大的设计，特别是在昂贵的既往复制造型，g.faults,
• 运营和维持 -mismatches between the Digital Twin and the physical asset inform decisions for operation and maintenance.

Tracing the lifecycle of the assets requires expertise in multiple domains, e.g. cloud & edge and integration tools like MATLAB & Simulink that can bring together many technologies.

3）在MBD中使用增强和虚拟现实

Digital twins can support traditional development workflows, but in a broader sense, they have also evolved the way developers

1. design with CAD and CAM
2. collaborate in design
3. deploy a component in an ecosystem and visualize of the ecosystem
4. 随着时间的推移模拟生态系统
5. 自动生成组件，例如使用优化和AI，

All these operations can be enhanced by Augmented or Virtual Reality technologies and many industries are interested in exploring how they can enhance the way they work.

4) New Applications and services based on digital twins

Digital twins could also lay the foundations for new applications and services – for example, for

• Design Optimization
• 验证和验证
• 混合虚拟和真实
• 虚拟调试
• Fault Detection, Diagnostics, and Prognosis
• Predictive Maintenance
• Operation Optimization

5）系统复杂性

这些新兴技术正在影响许多行业，特别是产品由许多技术组成的大型企业。下载188bet金宝搏组件通常是未知的和动态环境，其中必须了解和可视化各种因素。

Strategies for implementing in MATLAB

在课程中，我们探索MATLAB和SIMULINK如何支持：金宝app金宝app

• development, analysis and optimisation of designs;
• physics-based model development and synthetic data generation;
• data-driven model development using AI;
• interoperability with 3D simulators;
• 部署到云和边缘。

Conclusion

当我们设计课程时数字双胞胎: Enhancing Model-based Design with AR, VR, and MR (Online), we were aware that this is a pioneering course – in an area that is dynamic and rapidly evolving – but has significant potential in many areas. Have a comment for us? Please, leave a comment below!