Impedance Matching of Small Monopole Antenna
This example shows how to design a double tuning L-section matching network between a resistive source and capacitive load in the form of a small monopole by using thematchingnetwork
object. The L-section consists of two inductors. The network achieves conjugate match and guarantees maximum power transfer at a single frequency. This example requires the following product:
Antenna Toolbox™
Create Monopole
Create a quarter-wavelength monopole antenna via the Antenna Toolbox with the resonant frequency around 1 GHz. For the purpose of this example, we choose a square ground plane of side .
fres = 1e9; speedOfLight = physconst('lightspeed'); lambda = speedOfLight/fres; L = 0.25*lambda; dp = monopole('Height',L,'Width',L/50,...'GroundPlaneLength',0.75*lambda,...'GroundPlaneWidth',0.75*lambda);
Calculate Monopole Impedance
Specify the source (generator) impedance, the reference (transmission line) impedance and the load (antenna) impedance. In this example, the loadZl0
will be the non-resonant (small) monopole at the frequency of 500 MHz, which is the half of the resonant frequency. The source has the equivalent impedance of 50 ohms.
f0 = fres/2; Zs = 50; Z0 = 50; Zl0 = impedance(dp,f0); Rl0 = real(Zl0); Xl0 = imag(Zl0);
Define the number of frequency points for the analysis and set up a frequency band about 500 MHz.
Npts = 30; fspan = 0.1; fmin = f0*(1 - (fspan/2)); fmax = f0*(1 + (fspan/2)); freq = unique([f0 linspace(fmin,fmax,Npts)]);
Understand Load Behavior using Reflection Coefficient and Power Gain
Calculate the load reflection coefficient and the power gain between the source and the antenna.
S = sparameters(dp, freq); GammaL = rfparam(S, 1,1); Gt = 10*log10(1 - abs(GammaL).^2);
Plotting the input reflection coefficient on a Smith chart shows the capacitive behavior of this antenna around the operating frequency of 500 MHz. The center of the Smith chart represents the matched condition to the reference impedance. The location of the reflection coefficient trace around confirms that there is a severe impedance mismatch.
fig1 = figure; hsm = smithplot(fig1,freq,GammaL,'LineWidth',2.0,'Color','m',...'View','bottom-right','LegendLabels',{'#Gamma L'});
Plot the power delivered to the load.
fig2 = figure; plot(freq*1e-6,Gt,'m','LineWidth',2); gridonxlabel('Frequency [MHz]') ylabel('Magnitude (dB)') title('Power delivered to load')
As the power gain plot shows, there is approximately 20 dB power loss around the operating frequency (500 MHz).
Design Matching Network
The matching network must ensure maximum power transfer at 500 MHz. The L-section double tuning network achieves this goal [1]. The network topology, shown in the figure consists of an inductor in series with the antenna, that cancels the large capacitance at 500 MHz, and a shunt inductor that further boosts the output resistance to match the source impedance of 50 .
Use thematchingnetwork
object to create various matching network circuits based on the source impedance, load impedance, and center frequency.
matchnw = matchingnetwork('CenterFrequency',f0,'LoadImpedance',Zl0,'Bandwidth',50e6); matchnw.clearEvaluationParameter(1);% clear default constraint
The values of each element for the circuits generated are shown below.
[circuit_list, performance] = circuitDescriptions(matchnw)
circuit_list=4×5 tablecircuitName component1Type component1Value component2Type component2Value ___________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _______________ Circuit 1 "auto_1" "Series L" 2.9822e-07 "Shunt L" 1.0466e-07 Circuit 2 "auto_2" "Series C" 3.3975e-13 "Shunt L" 6.1569e-08 Circuit 3 "auto_3" "Shunt C" 2.3684e-11 "Series L" 8.1505e-08 Circuit 4 "auto_4" "Shunt L" 4.278e-09 "Series L" 7.3525e-08
performance=4×4 tablecircuitName evaluationPassed testsFailed performanceScore ___________ ________________ ____________ ________________ Circuit 1 "auto_1" {["Yes"]} {0x0 double} {[0]} Circuit 2 "auto_2" {["Yes"]} {0x0 double} {[0]} Circuit 3 "auto_3" {["Yes"]} {0x0 double} {[0]} Circuit 4 "auto_4" {["Yes"]} {0x0 double} {[0]}
Create Matching Network and Calculate S-parameters
The matching network circuit is created via the RF Toolbox™ and it consists of the two inductors whose values have been calculated above. The S-parameters of this network are calculated over the frequency band centered at the operating frequency.
Calculate the S-parameters based on desired matching network (this example uses circuit #2).
ckt_no = 4; Smatchnw = sparameters(matchnw, freq, Z0, ckt_no);
The circuit element representation of the matching network is shown below.
disp(matchnw.Circuit(ckt_no))
circuit: Circuit element ElementNames: {'L' 'L_1'} Elements: [1x2 inductor] Nodes: [1 2 3] Name: 'auto_4' NumPorts: 2 Terminals: {'p1+' 'p2+' 'p1-' 'p2-'}
Reflection Coefficient and Power Gain with Matching Network
计算输入反射系数/ gain for the antenna load with the matching network.
Zl = impedance(dp,freq); GammaIn = gammain(Smatchnw,Zl); Gtmatch = powergain(Smatchnw,Zs,Zl,'Gt'); Gtmatch = 10*log10(Gtmatch);
Compare Results
Plot the input reflection coefficient and power delivered to the antenna, with and without the matching network. The Smith® chart plot shows the reflection coefficient trace going through its center thus confirming the match. At the operation frequency of 500 MHz, the generator transfers maximum power to the antenna. The match degrades on either side of the operating frequency.
add(hsm,freq,GammaIn); hsm.LegendLabels(2) = {'#Gamma In'}; hsm.View ='full';
Plot power delivered to the load.
figure(fig2) holdonplot(freq*1e-6,Gtmatch,'LineWidth',2); axis([min(freq)*1e-6,max(freq)*1e-6,-25,0]) legend('No matching network','Double tuning','Location','Best');
Matching Network Designer
TheMatching Network Designerapp allows to design matching networks or view an existingmatchingnetwork
object. Type this command at the command line to open theMatching Network Designerapp. Use thematchnw
object and selectauto_4
节点以查看相应的电路。
matchingNetworkDesigner(matchnw)
References
[1] M. M. Weiner, Monopole Antennas, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,CRC Press, Rev. Exp edition, New York, pp.110-118, 2003.